The payloads attached to the EF can be exchanged or retrieved by Kibo’s robotic arm.Prices for LEGO International Space Station 21321 ORUs are attached to the ESP via Flight Releasable Attachment Mechanisms (FRAMs), matching witness plates that mate the ORU to the platform.Įxposed Facility – The Exposed Facility (EF) provides a multipurpose platform where science experiments can be deployed and operated in the exposed environment. As a platform it is not pressurized, but does require electricity to power the heaters of some of the stored equipment. Each platform is an external pallet that can hold spare parts, also known as orbital replacement units (ORUs), for the space station. The station functions as a microgravity and life sciences laboratory, test bed for new Elements and Support Systems technologies, and platform for Earth and celestial observations.ĮLCs – The EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station (EXPRESS) Logistics Carrier (ELC) is a platform designed to support external payloads mounted to the International Space Station starboard and port trusses with either deep space or Earth views.ĮSPs – External stowage platforms (ESPs) are key components of the International Space Station (ISS). The Habitable modules serve as a habitat for its crew and provide ports for docking and berthing of visiting vehicles. Development and assembly of the station continues, with several major new Russian elements scheduled for launch starting in 2021. The last major pressurised module, Leonardo, was fitted in 2011 and an experimental inflatable space habitat, BEAM, was added in 2016. The station has since been continuously occupied since, the longest continuous human presence in low Earth orbit, having easily surpassed the previous record of 9 years and 357 days held by the Mir space station. Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ROS through 2024, having previously proposed using elements of the segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK.The first ISS component was launched in 1998, and the first long-term residents arrived on 2 November 2000. The station is divided into two sections: the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS), operated by Russia and the United States Orbital Segment (USOS), which is shared by many nations. The ISS circles the Earth in roughly 93 minutes, completing 15.5 orbits per day. It maintains an orbit with an average altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda Service Module or visiting spacecraft. It is the largest artificial object in space and the largest satellite in low Earth orbit, regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth’s surface. The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations and the U.S. The ISS programme evolved from the Space Station Freedom, an American proposal in the 1980s to construct a permanently crewed Earth-orbiting station, and the contemporaneous Soviet/Russian Mir-2 proposal with similar aims. The ISS is suited for testing the spacecraft systems and equipment required for possible future long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars. The station serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields. It is a multinational collaborative project between five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit.
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